To Analyze the Scope and Acceptance of Electronic Medical...

TO ANALYZE THE SCOPE AND ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS AMONG DOCTORS IN INDIA A Project of Summer Training Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the Post-Graduate Diploma in Business Management Batch: 2009-11 [pic] SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Dr.S.R. Dash Fozia Afreen Professor and Project Guide (IMS) BM-09071 (IV Trimester) INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES LAL QUAN, GHAZIABAD†¦show more content†¦Next, I would like to thank Mr. Aakash Bindal for assigning me the project and for his proper guidance and cooperation. Without his useful tips the project would have been incomplete. I would also like to thank Mr. Kapil Munjal, Mr. Rajan Goyal, Mr. Amit Arora and Mr. Rashmikant Mohanty for their useful advice and expert guidance, which helped me in completing this project successfully. I am also indebted to all staff members of the company for their kind and friendly attitude and immense cooperation. And last but not the least, I would like to thanks my Parents, Friends and Colleagues for their constant support and encouragement CONTENTS |Chapter |Topic |Page no. | | |Cover page |1 | | |Title of project |2 | | |Declaration |3 | | |Certificate |4 | | |Executive summary |5 | |Show MoreRelatedImportance Of Airtel And Reliable Service Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pagesservice venture in India. Hence, the benefits and adjunct information is necessary to show before CEO for required revenue investment and management of resources. More precisely the risk factors, benefits, recommendation according to local health patterns and cost-benefit analysis constitute the primary information of this report. Other than this, it is also important to address the local public policy maker for advocating the advantage associated with the implementation of record system. UtilizationRead MoreHospital Management Information Management System13053 Words   |  53 Pagesunable to provide even primary medical care to our people let alone secondary and tertiary medical care. The current scenario of information flow in most of the hospital in Bangladesh presents a paper based, time consuming, inefficient system leading to problems of inefficient utilization of resources and problems to patients. All these problems and poor coordination – are closely connected to our failure to use health information technology as an integral part of medical care. Not only that we faceRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pageshigh-tech piracy (theft of digital content) that was carried out by people duplicating videotapes and DVDs. The need to produce and distribute physical media presented a number of technical and logistical difficulties for movie pirates, which limited the scope of their operations. Thus, picture studios largely ignored these activities. When Napster.com and other sites began to use the Web and peer-to-peer technologies to share pirated music, movie producers felt reasonably immune to this trend. After allRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesusefulness of a product.   The Field of Literature: Introspection is also used in fiction-writing  used to convey a characters thoughts. A characters thoughts can greatly enhance a story by deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story (Kress, 2003). The Field of Applied Psychology: Cognitive Psychology, Educational Psychology, and Counseling Psychology: Researchers working within the field of cognition  and  attribution  ask people to report on their mental processesRead MoreA Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India22724 Words   |  91 PagesMETHODLOGY Area: Rights of women in India Topic: A Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India Objectives: a) To understand the concept of dowry as has originated and evolved in India. b) To conceptualize modern day consequences of dowry system. c) To refer to various laws in India and find out reasons for ineffectuality. d) To analyze the trend lay down in this regard by way of various judicial decisions. e) To critically analyze the reasons for divergence betweenRead MoreThesis About Call Center Agents14127 Words   |  57 PagesCall Center Agent. Considering these, we conduct a group discussion. We brainstormed this topic and unanimously agreed to it to be our research topic.. Strengths We applied other components of therapeutic relationship such as active listening, acceptance, genuine interest and positive regard during interaction process to facilitate cooperation from our participants and obtain the information we needed. We divided the tasks accordingly and all were willing to move beyond our comfort zone in fulfillingRead MoreWhat Are the Impacts of Rfid in Oil and Gas Supply Chain Management?21195 Words   |  85 Pageslook at all the issues from all sides. The research was conducted using secondary research to gather information on both SCM and RFID technology. After in-depth study, the research was also able to pull out case studies in oil and gas companies to analyze the impact of RFID in oil and gas supply chain management. In the final analysis, secondary research has provided information needed to answer the research question. The research looks at information on oil and gas supply chain management and theRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 PagesMarketing Report For Table of Contents Executive Summary The New York research covers a complete sample breakdown of doctors and patients. This breakdown can be used to send surveys, as contact information for personal selling or promotion. The folder titled New York on the CD contains all information needed to conduct any of the things mentioned above. There is also an ample sports breakdown for the golf professionals. This is not a sample but all the private golf clubs andRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesand deliberate actions of farmers is now being taken to new levels with scientists in a controlled scientific environment. This innovative technology is not without its legal, political and social issues, all of which will be discussed in depth. Among other things, this report also addresses the environmental, economic and psychological impact that Genetically Modified Organisms and the science of them have on the world. Media influences and the cultural perspective is also addresses within thisRea d MoreProject Report on Summer Training in Kotak Mahindra Life Insurence Recruitment Process16354 Words   |  66 Pages | |2. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES | |Various management institutes, engineering colleges, medical Colleges etc. are a good source of recruiting well qualified executives, | |engineers, medical staff etc. They provide facilities for campus interviews and placements. This source is known as Campus | |Recruitment.

The Misconceptions Of Bipolar Disorder - 1384 Words

Expounding on Bipolar Disorders Bipolar Disorder is much more common than most people think. With an average of about 2.6% of the US population diagnosed, Bipolar Disorder has become the sixth leading cause of disability in the country. Despite its popularity, the different types of bipolar disorder are the hardest psychological disorders to identify and treat because of the many close similarities between them and with other disorders. Bipolar Disorder is one of the top misdiagnosed disorders. Surprisingly, there is a common misdiagnosis between women; Bipolar Disorder will sometimes be misdiagnosed as regular depression. While in men, Bipolar Disorder is more misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. The average age of onset is about 25 but can be as young as early childhood or as old as late adulthood. There is a higher possibility of a child developing Bipolar Disorder if there is a history of the disorder in the family. This increasing number has caused many research facilities to conduct a multitude of studies on whether or not this disorder can be genetic. There have been no conclusive results with these studies. An average of about one in five people with Bipolar Disorder commits suicide. This disorder though treatable is not curable; it is a lifelong disease. The more we learn about the different types of Bipolar Disorder such as Major Depressive Episode, Hypomanic Episode, and Manic Episode the more we will be able to diagnose, treat and even one day cure! Bipolar DisorderShow MoreRelatedA Common Misconception Regarding Bipolar Disorders Essay1994 Words   |  8 Pagescommon misconception regarding bipolar disorders is that every individual that is diagnosed experiences the same symptoms. Bipolar (and related) disorders can be similar in that they all invoke a form of lability in an individual’s mood, but the differences in frequency, duration, and intensity are unique to the individual. In order to fully understand the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, i t is important to recognize the complete spectrum. The distinct types of bipolar and related disorders are bipolarRead MoreRelationship Between Patient And Patient Observed1361 Words   |  6 Pageswhen her therapist said her high levels of ADAH had shown sign of Bipolar disorder. To my parents this did not come to them as a shock, for Caroline had been experiencing really happy moments where she felt like she was the center of the world and then suddenly really low moments where she felt she was fading into the background. To me she was always a big sister and someone I could only dream of being like with or without her disorder. Like many other patients it took time for Caroline to come aroundRead MoreDifferences Between Disorders1129 Words   |  5 Pages1. Distinguish between bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder using DSM-5 criteria. (485) Before answering the question let’s see what each term means. Bipolar disorder is a disorder that is marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Unipolar depression is depression without history of mania (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Dysthymic disorder are mood disorder that are similar to but not as long lasting and less disablingRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )956 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that effects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first fully understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categories. The National InstituteRead MoreThe Sense Of Individuals With Disabilities1189 Words   |  5 Pagesdisability is bipolar disorder. â€Å"Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks† (nimh). Within the Canadian population it is said that 1% will experience bipolar disorder (cmha). Although our society has evolved in certain understandings of disabilities, acceptance and understanding of bipolar disorder as a disability is fairly far. Bipolar disorder is very much aRead MorePsy/340 Wk4 Genetics Evaluation1249 Words   |  5 Pages * * * * * * * * * Bipolar- Team B Crazy or Illness In my previous experiences and conversations with various individuals, the overall interpretation or misconception of bipolar disease is that the person is â€Å"†crazy. What do people really consider or mean by the term crazy? As displayed by Team B’s behavior presentation, Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that is also referred to as maniac-depressive illness, characterizedRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder Research Paper What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categoriesRead MoreThe Perception Of Abnormal Psychology Essay986 Words   |  4 Pages Malapropism: The mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect. â€Å"She’s so bipolar.† â€Å"He’s antisocial.† â€Å"My O.C.D. is kicking in.† â€Å"I’m claustrophobic.† None of these sentences seem strange. As a matter of fact these statements have become so common that most people neglect to look into their meanings. Words such as â€Å"depression† and â€Å"claustrophobic† are used very frequently and are most likely used incorrectly. Many terms that are meant toRead MoreEssay on Misconceptions About Depression985 Words   |  4 Pagesthan it appears to be. Just like many other mental disorders, there are a conglomeration of symptoms, and not every person shares the same symptoms as their counterpart does. This causes difficulty in categorizing someone as depressive. Merriam-Webster characterizes depression as â€Å"a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, and unimportant and often is unable to live in a normal way.† There are a multitude of misconceptions about depression such as that it’s about feelingRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Depression And Depression1591 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an alternating or shift in moods of elevation and depression. It is also known as manic depression. This mental illness is that brings severe high and low moods, it can cause changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. â€Å"Bi† which means two or alternating between two, explains the two common episodic moods that occur in individuals with this disorder; mania and depression. According to the DSM there are multiple forms of bipolar disorder

Common Size Statement, Comparative Satement free essay sample

We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purpose. But the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statements is required. Analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two inancial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements: (i) Profit and loss Account or Income Statement (it) Balance Sheet or Position Statement These are prepared at the end of a given period of time. They are the indicators of profitability and financial soundness of the business concern. The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Size Statement, Comparative Satement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It refers to the establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements i. e. Income statement and position statement. It determines inancial strength and weaknesses of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Types of financial statement are: 1) Comparative statement 2) Common size statement 3) Trend analysis Financial analysis serves the following purposes: 1. Measuring the profitability The main objective of a business is to earn a satisfactory return on the funds invested in it. Financial analysis helps in ascertaining whether adequate profits are being earned on the capital invested in the business or not. It also helps in knowing the capacity to pay the interest and dividend. 2. Indicating the trend of Achievements Financial statements of the previous years can be compared and the trend regarding various expenses, purchases, sales, gross profits and net profit etc. can be ascertained. Value of assets and liabilities can be compared and the future prospects The trend and other analysis of the business provides sufficient information indicating the growth potential of the business. 3. Comparative position in relation o other firms The purpose of financial statements analysis is to help the management to make a comparative study of the profitability of various firms engaged in similar businesses. Such comparison also helps the management to study the position of their firm in respect of sales, expenses, profitability and utilising capital, etc. 4. Assess overall financial strength The purpose of financial analysis is to assess the financial strength of the business. Analysis also helps in taking decisions, whether funds required for the purchase of new machines and equipments are provided from internal sources of the business or ot if yes, how much? And also to assess how much funds have been received from external sources. 5.

Deliberate Practice Improves Clinical Performance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Deliberate Practice Improves Clinical Performance. Answer: Introduction: Deliberate practice related to any skills is used to refer to a special kind of practice that is systematic and purposeful. Regular practice of any task involves mindless repetitions. However, practicing a task deliberately requires more attention and focus. Its main goal is performance improvement. It helps in maximizing the potential by turning the former into reality. Surgery refers to medical specialties that utilize operative instrumental and manual techniques upon a patient and investigates any serious pathological condition to improve body functioning (Hambrick et al., 2014). Deliberate clinical practice fosters surgical skills by motivating learning, providing detailed feedback and refinement opportunities. This report will include a literature review that will illustrate the effect of deliberate practice in enhancing surgical skills and technical proficiency. The overall purpose of the literature review is to investigate the effects of deliberate practice results in enhanced technical performance in an operation theatre. The research studies were selected from databases like CINAHL, MEDLINE and SCOPUS. The inclusion criteria included peer reviewed journals, published in English not before 2012. Studies published prior to 2012 were excluded. One study conducted by Palter Grantcharov, (2014) used a blinded randomized trial to assess the effects of deliberate practice on surgical skill improvements. 16 novice surgical residents were recruited to a deliberate practice group and conventional training group. A video recording of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done for both the groups. 3 assessment tools measured the technical performance of the residents. The trainees practiced a task again if the scores were less than 60%. It was found that DP residents showed improved technical skills post intervention (17.0 median score). Another study th at assessed the effect of deliberate practice on expert surgical performance recruited 15 junior residents and the practice group was given 30 minutes of practice sessions between laparoscopic surgeries while, the control group read journals or viewed educational videos. On comparing the performance using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed rank test it was found that the DP group showed increased surgical performance in procedure-specific rating scale and global scale. However, the control group did not show any significant improvement in procedure-specific rating scale. This study provided evidence for the improvement in LC performance over many sessions (Hashimoto et al., 2015). A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of virtual reality training on laparoscopic surgery that included 32 trainees who did not have any experience of laparoscopic surgery. Proficiency based virtual reality simulation training was used as the intervention. Laparoscopic sal pingectomy training was provided to the participants and the controls were subjected to standard education. On measuring the technical performance, the simulator trained group showed a better median score of 33 points while, the control group reached a score of 23 points. This study established that virtual reality simulator training increases proficiency in laparoscopic surgery (Larsen et al., 2012). Another study compared the effect of OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills) on the performance of two gynecology and obstetrics resident groups. Some postgraduate students who underwent focused and deliberate training in hysteroscope assembly and operativehysteroscopic polypectomy performed better when compared to the untrained residents. Their global skills cores, resection and assembly time scores significantly improved (Rackow et al., 2012). The effect of virtual reality training on improvements of ear, nose and throat surgery was demonstrated by a study that used computer generated imagery as the simulated training environment. A randomized control trial included 210 participants and showed that virtual reality group performance significantly increased and displayed better psychomotor score (mean difference -1.66, 95% CI 0.52-2.81; 10-point scale) and shorter time to complete the operation (mean difference-5.50, 95% CI 9.97-1.03).One particular study showed t hat medical students who acquire anatomical knowledge by virtual training perform better during surgeries than those who participate in conventional training (mean difference- 4.3, 95% CI 2.05-6.55) (Piromchai et al., 2012). A meta-analytic comparative review assessed the effect of simulation-based medical education (SBME) and traditional clinical education on skill acquisition. The results showed that SBME with deliberate practice is more consistent and powerful. SBME proved superior when compared to traditional clinical education for acquiring a wide variety of medical skills. The study proved that a laparoscopic surgery, advanced cardiac life support, hemodialysis catheter insertion, cardiac auscultation, central venous catheter insertion and thoracentesis improves when residents participate in deliberate practice (McGaghie et al., 2014). A study conducted by Yudkowsky et al., (2013) evaluated the impact of simulation-based practices on virtual brains on the performance of neurosurgery residents in live and simulated neurosurgical procedures like ventriculostomies. CT scans were used to prepare a library of 15 virtual brains for haptic simulator, ImmersiveTouch system and head and hand-tracked augmented reality. Linear mixed model was used to analyze the performance of the residents on novel brains in the simulator and before and after surgery following intervention was analyzed. Live procedure outcomes and simulator cannulation rates showed an increase after intervention and improved procedural skills. Improved performance among 4th year medical students compared to senior surgery residents was displayed by a study that assessed the impact of deliberate practice dedicated instruction coronary anastomosis proficiency using a porcine heart model. The participants were compared to non-simulator trained senior surgery re sidents. Deliberate practice methodology was used for 4 months and the respondents were filmed during anastomosis by three cardiac surgeons. The median combined final scores suggested focused simulator training improves technical proficiency compared to real-time training (Nesbitt et al., 2013). Improvement of subarachnoid block performance on simulation based deliberate practice was measured by a study. Half of 21 residents were randomized to receive deliberate practice that included expert guidance, repetition and real-time feedback. The subarachnoid performance of residents was tested on the next three patients in the operation theatre. It was found that the intervention group showed significant improvement benefits from the deliberate practice training (Udani et al., 2014). Drawing inferences from the literature search it can be stated that medical professionals need to continuously learn to deliver superior quality of health care.Life long learning, involves continuous scrutinizing and building of real-time practice, which helps doctors to improve their skills. Medical schools do not prepare a resident doctor completely for the challenging tasks, responsibilities and long work hours at operation theatres. The fittest doctors survive by learning from deliberate practice and implementing the learned outcomes while performing surgeries. On the other hand, doctors who are not exposed to simulation based training fail to learn new aspects of medicine and often become mentally and physically exhausted. This causes dissatisfaction, surgical errors and burn out. The current restrictions imposed on working hours, shorter hospital stay, changes in organization of healthcare and breakdown of medical firms make the situation even worse and necessitate efficient le arning from practice (Macnamara, Hambrick Oswald, 2014). Deliberate practice acts as a highly structured training. It explicitly directs improvement of performance in particular surgical domains. Such practices involve rigorous assessment of skills, repetitive performance related to psychomotor and cognitive skills, providing regular feedback and their implications on better skill performance. The specific tasks are designed in such a way that they assist in overcoming weaknesses. The performances after the training carefully monitored, generally using video recordings. This provides cues to the doctors to identify their drawbacks and achieve further improvement. Thus, it can be stated that deliberate practice is not just a mindless repetition of certain medical tasks. However, they associate training to a focused approach and motivate the participants to reach a well-defined goal. Results from several research studies indicate that high fidelity simulation mechanisms contribute to the development of novice junior medical practitioners to experts during their undergraduate training in medicine. This leads to effective performance. Real world exposure to wide range of surgical procedures may give the doctors an idea of the events and challenges that might occur inside an operation theatre (Ericsson, 2015). However, inadequate training may affect patient safety while participating in complicated surgeries. Virtual simulation based environment therefore serve as an effective tool for training. They reduce chances of failure or life-threatening risks. It can be deduced from the study results that such practice trainings reduce the number of surgi cal errors and enhance the rate of skill acquisition. Moreover, it helps healthcare practitioners to improve their planning strategies based on the experiences and shortcomings they encountering while practicing surgery in a simulated environment. It not only helps novices and trainees who lack adequate experience in real-time surgical context, but also assists experienced and professional surgeons to acquire more exposure to new surgical procedures and become adept at learning new technologies before they can be implemented on a patient in an operation theatre. It can be deciphered from the research studies that have been conducted that practicing surgical activities attributes to an increase in focus and awareness among students on the desired outcomes of the surgical intervention. This significantly enhances effectiveness of the practice (Weller et al., 2012). Thus, the medical surgeons are able to refine their performance by utilizing these aspects of deliberate practice. On interpreting the results if the research studies it can be concluded that the junior surgeons gradually learn to make efficient use of their time, resources and energy while practicing in a virtual hospital setting. Routine practice is not just enough to enable the surgeons to gain better expertise. The progress of surgeons also depends on their sustained efforts to enhance their performance by identifying the specific targets that need improvement. Though, construction of a fully immersive virtual operation theatre environment can be expensive, the advancements that they produce in learning of surgical techniques are quite significant when compared to common training methods. Hence, it can be concluded that clinical skill development can be facilitated by making junior surgeons equipped with surgical skills through deliberate practice and not just by experience. References Ericsson, K. A. (2015). Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice.Academic Medicine,90(11), 1471-1486. Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., Campitelli, G. (2014). Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert?.Intelligence,45, 34-45. Hashimoto, D. A., Sirimanna, P., Gomez, E. D., Beyer-Berjot, L., Ericsson, K. A., Williams, N. N., ... Aggarwal, R. (2015). Deliberate practice enhances quality of laparoscopic surgical performance in a randomized controlled trial: from arrested development to expert performance.Surgical endoscopy,29(11), 3154-3162. Larsen, C. R., Oestergaard, J., Ottesen, B. S., Soerensen, J. L. (2012). The efficacy of virtual reality simulation training in laparoscopy: a systematic review of randomized trials.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,91(9), 1015-1028. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: A meta-analysis.Psychological science,25(8), 1608-1618. McGaghie, W. C., Issenberg, S. B., Barsuk, J. H., Wayne, D. B. (2014). A critical review of simulation?based mastery learning with translational outcomes.Medical Education,48(4), 375-385. Nesbitt, J. C., St Julien, J., Absi, T. S., Ahmad, R. M., Grogan, E. L., Balaguer, J. M., ... Putnam, J. B. (2013). Tissue-based coronary surgery simulation: medical student deliberate practice can achieve equivalency to senior surgery residents.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,145(6), 1453-1459. Palter, V. N., Grantcharov, T. P. (2014). Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room: a randomized controlled trial.Annals of surgery,259(3), 443-448. Piromchai, P., Avery, A., Laopaiboon, M., Kennedy, G., OLeary, S. (2012). Virtual reality training for improving the skills needed for performing surgery of the ear, nose or throat.status and date: New, published in, (11). Rackow, B. W., Solnik, M. J., Tu, F. F., Senapati, S., Pozolo, K. E., Du, H. (2012). Deliberate practice improves obstetrics and gynecology residents' hysteroscopy skills.Journal of graduate medical education,4(3), 329-334. Udani, A. D., Macario, A., Nandagopal, K., Tanaka, M. A., Tanaka, P. P. (2014). Simulation-based mastery learning with deliberate practice improves clinical performance in spinal anesthesia.Anesthesiology research and practice,2014. Weller, J. M., Nestel, D., Marshall, S. D., Brooks, P. M., Conn, J. J. (2012). Simulation in clinical teaching and learning.Med J Aust,196(9), 594. Yudkowsky, R., Luciano, C., Banerjee, P., Schwartz, A., Alaraj, A., Lemole Jr, G. M., ... Bendok, B. (2013). Practice on an augmented reality/haptic simulator and library of virtual brains improves residents ability to perform a ventriculostomy.Simulation in Healthcare,8(1), 25-31.

War in Afghanistan

Causes of the War Aldrich, G. (2002). The Taliban, Al Qaeda, and the Determination of Illegal CombatantsAdvertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on War in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The American Journal of International Law, 96 ( 4), 891-898. This article gives an in depth description of the causes of the war in Afghanistan. The war had been caused by the September 11 bomb attacks in the U.S which had been conducted by Al Qaeda. There terrorists had a base in Afghanistan and it was established that they had a link with political government in power in that country at that time. The author highlights the reasons for the invasion and why the U.S government had to get involved. The journal article also highlights on a few difficulties at that time on how the terrorists captured will be treated according to international law. Justification and Criticisms of the War Franck, T. (2001). Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense. The American Journal of International Law, 95(4), 839-843. This highlights the causes of the war and Justifies the United States Action to invade Iraq on the argument of self-defense based on the UN Charter. The author begins by highlighting the reasons certain experts have given on the illegality of the US invasion. He goes ahead to address these criticisms one by one. He also gives the arguments supporting the invasion. The author has dissected the controversial Article 51 in the US charter which the US gave to the public as the reasons supporting its actions throughout that period. O’Connell, M. (2002). The myth of preemptive self defense. The American Society of International Law Task Force on Terrorism. Web. This paper discusses United States justification invading Afghanistan. The author highlights the reason why the invasion was wrong and unnecessary. The author interprets the United Nations Charter Article 51 which allows a country to a rise in self-defense when it has faced an armed attack. The article analyses the Article 15 and gives examples in history on the application of the guideline. It concludes that the United States should not invade a country based on the expected future actions of the country rather it should be on the armed attacks that have occurred.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive Effects of the War Dunn, D. (2005). Bush, 11 September and the Conflicting Strategies of the ‘War on Terrorism’ Irish Studies in International Affairs 16, 11-33. The Journal article discusses the different strategies the US government has taken in dealing with terrorism. The author shows the changes in approach since September 11 attacks. He highlights three main strategies, the counter-terrorism, pre-emptive and pre-eminence and the democratization of the Middle East. The paper shows th e positive effects of the war in Afghanistan in the region and the enhancement of security in the region and the US. The journal also highlights the tensions and arguments that have arisen over time concerning the use of the three strategies. Negative Effects of the War Belasco, A. (2006). The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan and other Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. This paper discusses the costs effects of the wars the United States government has engaged in including Afghanistan. The high spending on defense has had a high impact on the budget of the country. The money could have been used in other critical sectors of the economy such as health, education and social security. The paper highlights the actual and opportunity costs of the wars. The paper goes into details showing the actual item costs of the wars and the trend in the costs both in the past and in the future. References Aldrich, G. (2002). The Taliban, Al Qaed a, and the Determination of Illegal Combatants  The American Journal of International Law, 96 ( 4), 891-898. Belasco, A. (2006). The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan and other Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on War in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dunn, D. (2005). Bush, 11 September and the Conflicting Strategies of the ‘War on Terrorism’ Irish Studies in International Affairs 16, 11-33. Franck, T. (2001). Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense. The American  Journal of International Law, 95(4), 839-843. O’Connell, M. (2002). The myth of preemptive self defense. The American  Society of International Law Task Force on Terrorism. Web. This annotated bibliography on War in Afghanistan was written and submitted by user Scott Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. War in Afghanistan Since the invasion led by the United States in Afghanistan in the year 2001, the nation has suffered a lot of violence. The violence started with the September 11th attack on the U.S. by the Al-Qaida. Afghanistan was the origin of the attack and thus U.S. troops were deployed to Afghanistan after the attack. U.S. military then overthrew the Taliban government leading to retaliations by the Taliban which have hitherto resulted to high levels of violence in Afghanistan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides involvement by the U.S., the British government also sent troops to Afghanistan. The Taliban and Al-Qaida have also had unending conflicts along the Pakistan-Afghan border. They both accuse each other of being unable to keep militants away from each other’s side. This is in spite of the fact that the two groups are unanimous about keeping U.S. troops a way from the Pakistan border (Norton 1). The Afghanistan war has had tremendous effects on the security strategies and policies of the countries involved. This has led to prioritization of war intervention by both the U.S. and Britain. Both governments, therefore, feel obliged to win the war (Borger 1). Recent events related to the war have raised serious need for intervention that has led to a number of suggestions for ending the war. Taliban troops are increasing each day. This has raised a lot of concerns about the willingness of the Taliban to try diplomacy. In response to this, the U.S. has sent 30, 000 troops to Afghanistan this year. This has led to a number of bombings, killing of militants and innocent civilians, killings of American and British militants carried out by the Taliban, etc. Specific examples include the killing of civilians by a bicycle-bomb while receiving relief food, the British soldier who died on March 15, 2010, from wounds he sustained in the Helmand bom b, the 35 people killed in the March 14th Kandahar bombing meant to be a warning to Nato etc. The Afghanistan war has, arguably, escalated in the recent past due to the relentless efforts by the U.S. and Britain to contain the situation (Norton 1). The American-British strategy for fighting Taliban troops is, seemingly, the training of forces to take over Afghanistan. However, this strategy is faced by major challenges since a lot needs to be done to change the prevailing situation. The change includes rebuilding Afghanistan from scratch, controlling the Taliban and establishing forces (national army). These changes are challenging due to the presence of war, warlords and ethnic rivalries (Borger 1). One of the rebel groups, Hezb-i-Islami, has suggested a diplomatic solution to the problem. With the condition that the U.S. withdraws troops from Afghanistan by July, the rebel group has offered to act as a mediator between the U.S. and the Taliban. However, the influence of the group on the Taliban is suspected to be limited.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The group has also been holding talks with Afghanistan’s president, Karzai about the same and it has suggested an interim government and elections after withdrawal of troops. However, the U.S. prefers to contain the situation slowly with the hope for flexible demands forced by the successes bound to be achieved by the 30, 000 troops (Borger 1). The war in Afghanistan has claimed a lot of lives. It is the responsibility of the diplomatic community to find amicable solutions that will end the war for good. Britain and America should completely withdraw troops and exercise diplomatic controls on the Afghanistan to ensure their safety. Works Cited Borger, Julian. â€Å"Afghan insurgents offer to make peace and act as a go-between with Taliban.† April 1, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2010/mar/24/afghan-insurgents-peace-bridge-taliban-us Norton, Richard. â€Å"Prince Charles visits British troops in Afghanistan.† April 1, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/mar/25/prince-charles-afghanistan-british-army This essay on War in Afghanistan was written and submitted by user Helena Leonard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Demographics, Psychographics and Personality Essay Example

Demographics, Psychographics and Personality Essay Example Demographics, Psychographics and Personality Essay Demographics, Psychographics and Personality Essay Individual Differences Important tools for segmentation They include: Demographics, psychographics and personality Consumer Motivation (Chapter 8) Consumer Knowledge (Chapter 9) Consumer Beliefs, Feelings, Attitudes and Intentions (Chapter 10) Analyzing and Predicting Consumer Behavior Demographics is the size, structure, and distribution of a population Marketers use demographic analysis as market segment descriptors and in trend analysis I- Demographics A- Structure of Markets B- Geographic Factors C- Economic Resources D- Global Markets A- Structure of Markets Market analysis requires information about People with needs Ability to buy Willingness to buy Authority to buy Affected by: Birthrate Immigration (30% of annual growth in the US) Increasing life expectancy Structure of Markets Affects demand for products and services Marketers can adapt product features, packaging, and communication strategies messages depending on changing age structure of markets Marketing to Children Children make purchases themselves Parents buy for children Marketing to Teenagers Growing in number Greater need for peer acceptance, which often guides product and brand choice More likely to switch brands quicker than other segments (Variety Seeking) Like the social aspects of shopping with friends Marketing to Young Adults 20-34 years Growing Need to buy products to set up households and for young children With many needs and greater financial constraints, they often shop at value-oriented retailers Marketing to Baby Boomers Growing in number Good market for spas, luxury travel, health clubs, cosmetics and healthy food This group may be â€Å"aging† but doesn’t want to be reminded Marketing to â€Å"Young Again† Market Referred to as mature markets, seniors elderly (65 years) Growing substantially Many in this segment are feeling, thinking, and buying younger than previous generations Many have adopted â€Å"young again† lifestyles and attitudes Cognitive age: the age a person perceives himself or herself to be. It can be used for targeting segments within this group, developing more creative content, and selecting more effective media 1. Demographics Age Structure of Markets Geographic Factors Economic Resources Global Markets Geographic Factors Geo-demography: Refers to where people live, how they learn and spend their money, and other socioeconomic factors The study of demand related to geographic areas assumes that people who live in proximity to one another also share similar consumption patterns and preferences Cities are the most important unit of analysis in most marketing plans 1. Demographics Age Structure of Markets Geographic Factors Economic Resources Global Markets Economic Resources Income: money from wages, salaries, interest, and welfare payments Wealth: a measure of a family’s net worth (assets minus liabilities) Net worth influences willingness to spend but not necessarily ability to spend, since many assets are not liquid and difficult to use How much people accumulate over the year is more a function of how much they save rather than how much they earn Targeting the Up-Market Print-oriented communication Simple ads that promote image Credibility of source selling product Product reviews influence this group Targeting the Average â€Å"Down† Market Good products at reasonable prices Promote value in ads and in store Limited services to keep prices low 1. Demographics Age Structure of Markets Geographic Factors Economic Resources Global Markets Global Market Analysis The most attractive markets are countries that are growing both in population and in economic resources Which countries will grow the most in the future? Which countries have the highest per capita income? 2. Personality Personality: consistent responses to environmental stimuli An individual’s unique psychological makeup, which consistently influences how the person responds to his or her environment 3. Personal Values Values: Represent consumer beliefs about life and acceptable behavior Unlike attitudes, values transcend situations or events and are more enduring because they are more central in the personality structure 4. Lifestyles Lifestyles: Patterns in which people live and spend time and money Reflect their AIO Measures: Activities, Interests, and Opinions Since lifestyles change readily, marketers must keep research methods and marketing strategies updated Lifestyles can affect which goods are sold and how they should be positioned Lifestyles are a very popular tool for segmentation AIO Categories of Lifestyles Psychographics An operational technique to measure lifestyles Can be used in qualitative and quantitative research methods Demographics focus more on who buys products; psychographics focus on why they buy them Lifestyle Segmentation Develop a deeper understanding of a segment or define segment (Compare to Demographics) Gain understanding of which lifestyles influence purchase and consumption behaviors Marketers can develop communication packaging strategies accordingly

MA Graduate Scholarship Application in Media & Communication Essay

MA Graduate Application in Media & Communication - Scholarship Essay Example Evident to this, I have additionally studied media management to supplement my bachelor qualifications. Consequently, I am certain and feel confident applying to a master’s program as a natural progression of my present academic qualifications, considering my majors in marketing, content management, and business administration from the University of Applied Sciences St. Poelten. Through my internships and apprenticeship from various institutions as appears in the attached testimonials, I developed enthusiasm to further my qualification. Through this scholarship, I have seen an opportunity that will alleviate me and my family from financial constraints that we have experienced from my childhood. My parents had a small retail store. This is what sustained us throughout. When I was working full-time while pursuing my apprenticeship degree as well as a high school diploma, I helped their business develop and flourish. I believe that this scholarship will not only help me further my education and hope of being synonymous with media, but also support my family in the retail store business. Media and communications have shaped my life, for example, through my work at the retail store, I became skilled at communicating efficiently with people, and at paying attention to their needs and requests; these early practices set the basis for my ardor in working with people in the PR industry, and the reason I believe this scholarship is pivotal to both my academic and personal life. I have learned the spirit of team work through collegiate activities and in the institutions. For example, during my internship at Bene AG, I collaborated with my supervisors and colleagues to develop strategies to promote Bene’s products and services. Subsequently, my passion for PR campaigns and marketing programs grew. I also achieved essential skills in the world of technology such as web page optimization, e-newsletters preparation, e-marketing

Job Evaluation. Whole foods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job Evaluation. Whole foods - Case Study Example Evaluation is not an easy task; instead it involves various sub tasks which compose the entire job of operating on a particular principle. Job evaluation is generally carried out on the basis of certain steps and predefined principles. These steps and procedures help the officials to carry out the evaluation procedure in an effective manner. The type of procedures used in job evaluation purely depends on the type of industry and the nature of work. The work load and the operations pertain to a particular industry and this differs from one industry to another. The type of work has gone through a change when compared to the past and the development in each industry has contributed to the expansion at a larger pace. Due to this factor, it becomes difficult for an organization to maintain the same old procedures in evaluating the jobs and analyzing the operations. Though job evaluation is an important concept in an organization, the way in which it is implemented plays a major role. The process of implementation involves several steps that define the operations to be executed while evaluating the particular work. The efficiency of work purely depends on the environment and the situation in which the particular work is carried out. ... Competition in this sort of environment is certainly difficult and the employees have to prove their mettle in order to improve and develop the organization. Job Evaluation at Whole Foods Each industry has a specific set of regulations based on which they perform their operations. These regulations are altered to suit the needs of the customers. Since change is inevitable, these organizations must incorporate new ideologies and policies to have an edge over the other similar organizations. This can be achieved only if they follow a set of predefined procedures to perform job evaluation. When compared to the other industries, food industry is the one that is more prone to problems. Since people have a direct contact with the workers of the food industry, it is important for them to evaluate and analyze their job at regular intervals. (Milkovich & Newman, 2008). This will ensure that the customers are satisfied and it will also enable the officials to know about their expectations. The Whole Foods market is one among the popular food markets and it is one of the most sought after markets in the city. Whole Foods has already completed the process of job analysis and the job descriptions have also been presented. As a consultant I would suggest them to prepare a job structure which is purely based on the description of job. Job evaluation is generally done based on the job description. The job structure can be designed by inspecting the type of work and the operations involved in the particular job. The job structure includes the job titles and the job description. Job evaluation is done by defining and checking the operations involved in each and every job. Job Structure As given in the case study, each job is analyzed and

How has the UK government intervened in the affairs of the railways Essay

How has the UK government intervened in the affairs of the railways since the early nineteenth century Should the industry be publically or privately owned - Essay Example The services rendered trough the inherent administration of the railway that often encountered both public and private interventions. Government institutions in various states have led to the expansion of the rail sectors. Thus, there is an increased scope relating to the delivery of infrastructural services between the public and the private sector (Morales, Wittek, and Heyse, 2012, p.242). Development of the private sector and participation in the delivery of infrastructural services attribute to the capability of the sector to deliver efficient services. For example, in the public railway developments, the average actual projects are higher than the costs estimated. Indeed, the delivery of the railway services and the entire public infrastructure associates itself with inefficiencies and excessive costs. Essentially, the problems facing the provision of the railway services have the intervention of many players. The situation intervenes to align the delivery of the rail service to the benefit of the public good. In addition, the UK government has been a critical player in the execution of rail interventions to elicit better services to her citizens (Medda and Pels, 2012, p.645). Merchants and manufacturers had tried to advance the status of the road network in the 18th century by creating turnpike trusts. The schemes gained momentum during the second half of the 18th century and amid the 19th century. Undisputedly, there were nearly 22,000 miles and 104,770 miles of turnpike roads and parish highways respectively. These roads spread throughout England and the Wales. During the 18th century, there was unreliable road transport service because of the appalling conditions and unreliability because of wet weather observed in Britain. The maintenance of roads was a nightmare due to neglect from the state. It was the duty of the local labourers and unpaid farmers to carry out

The Interpersonal Relationship Between Students And Teachers Education Essay

The Interpersonal Relationship Between Students And Teachers Education Essay Introduction Classroom management is a combination of many components, such as effective teaching strategies, providing meaningful content and developing interpersonal relationships, with the student-teacher relationship seen as having the greatest impact on how well the classroom runs and how well the students learn (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010; Larrivee, 2009; Snowman et al., 2009). The focus of this paper will be to discuss the research surrounding the nature of the student-teacher relationship. It will further discuss the educational implications arising from this relationship and provide strategies to build respectful student-teacher relationships. In conclusion this paper will provide recommendations regarding future teaching practices arising from the literature. Overview and Critique of the Literature The interpersonal relationship students form with their teachers can sometimes be complex and challenging. Buyse, Verschueren, Doumen, Van Damme and Maes (2008, p. 367) conducted two studies, a quantitative study and a qualitative study, of classroom behaviour and climate by investigating the student-teacher relationship from the perspective that young children with problem behaviour in the classroom are at risk for developing more conflictual and less close relationships with their teachers. When teachers have less close relationships with misbehaving students, one outcome may be poorer academic achievement (McInerney McInerney, 2010). Buyse et al. (2008) identified two types of student behaviour on which to base their studies. Externalising behaviour such as hyperactive and aggressive behaviour and internalising behaviour such as anxious, anti-social behaviour. These types of behaviour tendencies are seen as risk factors for teachers developing less positive relationships with stu dents. This study focused, in part, on teaching style as a possible link between at-risk students problem behaviour and the quality of the student-teacher relationship. Buyse et al. (2008) hypothesised that the risk for less positive relationships between teachers and students will be lessened when more emotional support is offered by the teacher. Importantly, this study did not focus on the problematic child (displaying internalising /externalising behaviour) but on the classroom resources, namely the emotional support provided by the teacher, as being an indicator of school adaptation and a predictor for at-risk students future adjustment (Buyse et al., 2008). Rogers and Renard (1999) support this by stating that learning is achieved when teachers develop positive relationships with their students by becoming aware of their emotional needs and tending to these, resulting in the likelihood that unsuitable behaviour will no longer be an issue. Rogers and Renard (1999) claim teachers must understand the beliefs and needs of their students to develop positive relationships. The core needs that encourage students to want to learn and to self-monitor their behaviour are feeling safe both physically and psychologically, being presented with valuable and interesting content, achieving feelings of success, being involved in meaningful decisions and feeling cared about (Rogers Renard, 1999). Maslow (as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p. 443) refers to these needs in his hierarchy of needs theory where he proposes an ascending order of basic human needs starting from physiological, leading to safety, belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualisation. This theory proposes that if basic human needs are met or gratified, then individuals will be motivated to seek fulfilling experiences, which in the classroom would mean, if the teacher can help students satisfy their lower order needs, then learning will occur as the student striv es for upper level satisfaction (Maslow, as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p 442). A qualitative study conducted by Brown (2004) to assess classroom management strategies in relation to culturally responsive teaching found that the most significant aspect of classroom management is the nature of the student-teacher relationship. Brown (2004) identified a caring attitude from the teacher as being the most significant factor in a students social and emotional well-being at school. Through interviews conducted with school students, Brown (2004) discovered that students recognised which teachers cared about them and noted that students wanted to make a more personal connection with their teachers. The research revealed that the primary characteristic valued by the teachers interviewed about their classroom management practices was providing individualised attention to each student to develop a mutually respectful personal relationship with them. Miller and Pedro (2006) state that respect can be an appropriate way of acting and forms the basis of personality and charact er. Furthermore, they advocate that a respectful classroom allows students to feel both physically and emotionally safe and valued. Marzano and Marzano (2003) state that student achievement is impacted twice as much by the actions teachers take in the classroom than by any other school policies, curriculum or interactions. In their meta-analysis of over 100 studies, they found that in a one year period there were 31 percent fewer discipline problems in classrooms if students had a high-quality relationship with their teacher as compared to those that did not. This relationship is not central to the students considering the teacher to be a friend, but is characterised by the teacher displaying appropriate dominance levels, displaying appropriate cooperation levels and being aware of students needs (Marzano Marzano, 2003). In this case, dominance is referred to as the ability of the teacher to provide strong guidelines and clear purpose relating to both student behaviour and academic endeavour. Canter and Canter (as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 65) popularised the Assertive Discipline system, where classroom teacher s take charge by interacting in a calm, insistent and consistent manner with the students to promote an orderly classroom where the rights of the student to learn and the teacher to teach without interruption is upheld. The Canters system originally focused on the concept that the teacher set the limits and enforced them, but later the emphasis was moved to creating warm, trusting relationships with students through positive recognition and proactively dealing with behaviour problems (Charles, 2008). Alternatively, Freiberg and Lamb (2009) propose the person-centred classroom management system where a stronger teacher-student relationship is formed than in a traditional teacher-centred classroom. Cooperation and connectedness in the classroom focuses on the teacher and the students working as a team to build effective teacher-student relationships. Freiberg and Lambs (2009, p. 101) research revealed that the four key reasons that kids love school are: They were trusted and respected people cared about them (social-emotional emphasis); They were part of a family (school connectedness); They felt their teachers were helpers, encouraging them to succeed and listening to their opinions and ideas (positive climate); They had opportunities to be responsible, with freedom and choices, but not license to do whatever they wished (self-discipline). They conclude that the person-centred classroom emphasises a strong social-emotional focus where the climate is warm and productive because they believe that students want to know how much you care long before they want to learn how much you know (Freiberg Lamb, 2009, p. 102). Educational Implications One main question arising from the research would be how to best prepare pre-service and in-service teachers to respond to and build respectful relationships with students with diverse needs (Brown, 2004; Miller Pedro, 2006). Significant to Browns (2004, p. 286) findings is that the teachers he interviewed relied on their strong relationships with students built on trust rather than fear or punishment to maintain a cooperative learning environment that meets the needs of all learners whom they teach each day. Rogers and Renard (1999) state that when teachers can show an interest in students, both educationally and personally, students become motivated to learn. By treating students with respect, creating fun, interesting and valuable lessons, offering meaningful choices and building relationships where students can see teachers as people, then students will be more likely to learn (Miller Pedro, 2006; Rogers Renard, 1999). By including specific training in classroom management str ategies for inclusive teaching practices such as how to convey respect, have high expectations of all students and teach in a fair and consistent manner, the research concludes that culturally responsive, inclusive teaching does support student learning and achievement (Brown, 2004; Miller Pedro, 2006). Research suggests that school psychologists should consider the influence of other aspects of classroom climate when assessing individual childrens modifiable behaviours to improve the student-teacher relationship (Buyse et al., 2008). Often interventions focus too much on the child themselves and their behaviour, when classroom social makeup and teaching strategies and beliefs should also be considered. Teachers bring with them to the classroom their own set of experiences and beliefs which influence their relationship with the child and subsequent responses to their problem behaviour (Buyse et al., 2008). Ormrod (2008) argues that teachers must think critically and ask themselves why students behaviour and achievement levels may not be where they should be and question the influence of their own actions on the students. Reflective teachers are those that continually examine their own assumptions and practices and adjust their teaching strategies and ideas to better meet the needs o f all of their students (Ormrod, 2008). Teachers should continually seek new ideas from colleagues, books, magazines, workshops and other sources to enrich and solidify their teaching skills (Slavin 2009, p. 7). Ginott (as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 61) suggests congruent communication provides the basis for a positive, caring learning environment. Effective communication can be blocked if teachers make assumptions, have preconceptions, or stereotype their students, so these problems need to be avoided (Edwards Watts, 2008). Treating students with dignity and addressing situations with I-messages rather than you-messages when misbehaviour occurs, models appropriate behaviour rather than attacking the students personality or character (Ginott, as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 61). For example, the teacher could say I get angry when I see bread thrown around rather than You are a couple of pigs (Ginott, as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p. 486). When a student is having problems, actively listening to what the student has to say without making judgements or comments, but responding through acknowledgement or showing interest provides the student with a nonthreatening way of being heard and under stood (Gordon, as cited in Charles, 2008). Showing empathy to students encourages open communication and helps build a respectful relationship (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010). Communication skills are a critical factor is establishing and maintaining a warm and friendly classroom environment and positive teacher-student relationships. Communication involves sending and receiving messages both verbally and non-verbally. Non-verbal messages can be quite powerful and can contradict the verbal meaning accompanying them. Students can interpret non-verbal messages quite well through mannerisms and tone of voice. It is therefore important that teachers match their verbal and non-verbal messages (Edwards Watts, 2008). Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET) is a course that is conducted in Australia, instigated by Gordon in 1974, where teachers learn to observe and analyse communication patterns between students and teachers, learn to help students identify ownership of problems to establish responsibility of action and learn to use non-offensive, positive behaviour. Along with this they also learn conflict resolution techniques and how to assist students to become cooperative group members. Gordons program is a well-established model for classroom management practices and has been found to help teachers make breakthroughs with difficult students. Developing relationships based on caring attitudes and meeting each others needs encourages a more democratic approach in the classroom, with teachers giving students a say in what happens and not solving all of their problems for them. The strategies offered in the Teacher Effectiveness Training course are based on enhancing communication between teachers and students, effectively developing respectful relationships (Edwards Watts, 2008). Respectful relationships with students can be formed by using positive classroom behaviours such as making eye contact, arranging seating so that the teacher can move freely around the room amongst the students and encouraging all students to contribute to class activities and discussions. One way of achieving this could be to allow more wait time during questioning to encourage those that may normally be reluctant to answer to get involved (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Understanding the unique qualities of each student in the classroom is a critical component of developing the student-teacher relationship (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010). Research has found that teachers who do not treat all students the same, but address each of their students individual needs are the most effective teachers, in contrast to those that are insensitive to diversity and treat all students equally (Marzano Marzano, 2003). To help build cooperation in the classroom teachers can take a personal interest in students by greeting them by name, talking informally with them about their interests and being aware of important events happening in their lives. (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Signalling to students that you care about them by smiling or using positive language such as I would like us to rather than you need to creates a classroom where students feel valued and have a sense of belonging (Rogers Renard, 1999, p. 37). Marzano and Marzano (2003) found, through research, that students prefer strong guidance and control from their teachers rather than a permissive attitude, therefore teachers must establish clear expectations and teach with assertiveness. Respectful relationships with students can be built by using assertive body language, an appropriate tone of voice and insisting on appropriate behaviour in the classroom (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Teachers who model respect through courtesy and civility can expect the same in return from their students (Miller Pedro, 2006). DeVries, Zan, Hildebrandt, Edmiaston and Sales, (2002, p. 36) argue that every classroom has a sociomoral atmosphere that may be viewed along a continuum from coercion to cooperation. In the coercive classroom students are required to follow the rules set by the teacher out of obedience without question. DeVries et al. (2002) discuss Piagets constructivist view of the adult-child relationship and argue that mutual respect in the classroom is shown when the teacher considers the students viewpoint and encourages social interactions where students cooperate with the teacher as well as each other. Teachers who use an authoritative teaching style, based on Baumrinds parenting styles, treat students fairly, do not criticise or use sarcasm, set high standards, have set rules and explain the penalties for breaking them, trust students to make appropriate decisions and teach and reward expected behaviour (as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p.466). This encourages students to become autonomous learners who respect their teachers. In contrast, teachers who use an authoritarian teaching style find their students are compliant and unable to self-regulate their behaviour and teachers who use a permissive style find that their students can undermine the routines of the classroom leading to inappropriate behaviour (Snowman et al., 2009). Conclusion Providing strategies for teachers to find ways to build positive respectful relationships with all students can only improve the management of the classroom as a whole. Better classroom teacher preparation is where the focus must be in efforts to improve the education of all students from the most motivated to the most challenging (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010). Specific teacher training in the area of sensitivity and making connections could help teachers to assess their own beliefs and practices which may lead to improvements in the quality of the teacher-student relationship (Buyse et al., 2008). Buyse et al. (2008) conclude that while their research has suggested emotionally supportive teachers may contribute to positive student behaviour and a closer student-teacher relationship, further study is needed to assess other classroom features which may impact on the quality of the student-teacher relationship. It is apparent in the literature surrounding classroom management th at establishing a respectful student-teacher relationship is a prominent precursor to positive outcomes for students and teachers in schools. This was best summed up in Brown (2004, p. 279) when Jeff, a Witchita high school English teacher said, Youre there to teach kids, not subjects. We often forget this point.

The Musician :: essays research papers

The Musician There are many styles of music and many various ways in which to enjoy them. This is only rivaled by the number of people on the planet that have invented them. Through out history the various evolutions of traditions have used music as part of their cultures, ceremonies, and religions. However, one thing has always been unique to all of these things - the musicians themselves - the ones making the music. These unsung misfits have endured time and are the common thread throughout history that has taken the time to ponder this wonderful realm. The thinkers that have invested much of their lives to inventing and reinventing the muse. Many people listen to music in many different ways. They create a style or listening pattern that brings out the most enjoyment for them. However, just being a listener of music only scratches the surface of the music enjoyment experience. There lies another layer or ‘dimension’ if you will underneath. This dimension is reserved for the one who receives ‘the spirit thought to inspires poets’. The musician creates as well as listens. He will ponder the music with a deeper appreciation, more feeling, and all done for the love of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Musicians are born just like anyone, but somewhere they notice something happening in their heads, like an inner orchestra that begins to play. It begins with one or more instruments, ringing distinctly and clearly inside their ‘third ears’. With time, this develops into a need to express that what is being played in their heads outside their heads. They become a player. Thus begins the road of learning to express, on a ‘physical device’ all the wonderful sounds and melodies they have invented and have yet to invent still in their heads. The ear begins to develop a different way of listening. It becomes able to separate the sounds of various instruments and various melodies very precisely. The more the individual practices the better this gift becomes. Otherwise, frustration may set-in when the music inside, cannot be reproduced ‘physically’ on the outside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mozart could hear entire symphonies playing in his head with the ability to write down every note with out ever picking up or hearing an instrument.

Net Neutrality Outline

Net Neutrality Presentation 1. What is Net Neutrality? a. Net Neutrality is best defined as a network design principle. The idea is that a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally. This allows the network to carry every form of information and support every kind of application. The principle suggests that information networks are often more valuable when they are less specialized – when they are a platform for multiple uses, present and future. i. Basically what the Internet is today, an Open Network. i. The opposite of a Closed Network, where the provider determines content. b. Net Neutrality is a network design paradigm that argues for broadband network providers to be completely detached from what information is sent over their networks. c. What keeps the Internet open is Net Neutrality — the longstanding principle that preserves our right to communicate freely online. This is the definition of an open Int ernet. d. With Net Neutrality, the network's only job is to move data—not to choose which data to privilege with higher quality service. iii.Think of another open network like electric grid 1. Innovation-driving network 2. Why should you care? e. Censorship f. Blocking/ Discrimination iv. All data delivered at the same speed regardless of content 2. No preference to a particular service over another a. Think Skype over Facetime. v. Net neutrality also means that carriers can't tack on an extra cost for heavy users; everyone can stream and download as much content as they like. vi. No penalty fees attached to visiting different categories of websites.Devices share and share alike; carriers treat a smart phone no differently than a desktop. vii. A tiered Internet would also make it easier for content streams from corporate giants to rule the Web; without net neutrality, innovative startups like Craigslist and Google might not ever have seen enough traffic to get off the ground. g. Bandwidth Throttling viii. Bandwidth Throttling is the intentional slowing of Internet service by an Internet service provider. It is a reactive measure employed in communication networks in an apparent attempt to regulate network traffic and minimize bandwidth congestion. x. To help achieve this, if you use an extraordinary amount of data and fall within the top 5% of Verizon Wireless data users we may reduce your data throughput speeds periodically for the remainder of your then current and immediately following billing cycle to ensure high quality network performance for other users at locations and times of peak demand. Our proactive management of the Verizon Wireless network is designed to ensure that the remaining 95% of data customers aren't negatively affected by the inordinate data consumption of just a few users. . Digital rights and freedoms x. Telecommunication companies are merely a means to an end. In other words, they are merely the gateway to the Internet; they d on’t own the Internet themselves. i. Privacy xi. Wiretapping violation 3. Arguments Against Net Neutrality j. Enforcement xii. Who is supposed to regulate the internet? xiii. Spans across multiple countries k. Government Regulations xiv. Too much control for the government xv. Censorship 3. China xvi. Network Optimization 4. Greater good 5. % of users ruining network performance for 95% xvii. Antipiracy 6. Makes the ability to stop piracy 7. Shutting down â€Å"rouge† websites providing pirated content xviii. Special Services 8. Certain services that are need maybe should have first run at the network/ higher faster speeds 4. Conclusion l. Who owns the internet? xix. Telecommunication companies are merely a means to an end. In other words, they are merely the gateway to the Internet; they don’t own the Internet themselves.

Solution to Nuclear Weapons essays

Solution to Nuclear Weapons essays Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction which, if used, would kill indiscriminately. Nevertheless, those who posses nuclear weapons state claim that nuclear weapons are able to deter nuclear or conventional attack by threatening disastrous retaliation. This policy is called nuclear deterrence. To base a country's national security on the threat to murder millions of innocents is an ethical issue of global proportion. Nuclear deterrence is the threat to retaliate with nuclear weapons. In general, deterrence refers to the attempt to create risks that lead the opponent to not engage in a certain policy or action. Can nuclear deterrence succeed? For it to succeed, a threatening nation has to be capable and willing to use its nuclear weapons and must effectively communicate this to the nation that is to be deterred. For this communication to be successful, the threatening nation must be capable of two things. First, the threatening nation must be able to inflict unacceptable damage to the inferior nation. Second, the threatening nation must have the plans and the readiness necessary to demonstrate that it can deliver on its "message." Conveying willingness to use retaliatory nuclear forces creates a dilemma: The threatening nation must show willingness to engage in a war it tries to deter or prevent. The components of nuclear deterrence have a physical and a psychological character. On the physical level, deterrence requires a series of military instruments, sufficient to threaten the opponent in a way that it would not even think of attacking. Successful deterrence is guaranteed, however, only if the will is there to use these weapons. Deterrence is credible only if a nation is able to successfully convey the two points to its opponent, that it is capable and willing. In other words, successful deterrence depends on psychological components: communication and perception. How can one prove that nuclear deterrence works? S...

Smart Drugs essays

Smart Drugs essays Smart drugs are the term, which stands for legal substances intended to influence activity of human brain. Those substances should be of natural origin or they should be at least as much similar to natural substances as possible. One of the key attributes is that those substances are non-addictive. As I said before, those substances are intended to influence and expand activity of brain and thats why they are also called brain nutrients. Brain nutrients are also called smart drugs. This term isnt particularly fortunate, because the term drug is misleading and creates associations with something dangerous and life-threatening. Brain nutrients and neurotransmitters are substances that either directly or after digestion enter the brain and influence quality of neuron nutrition or activate their working activity or possibly replenish their levels to optimal levels, necessary for perfect activity. Concept and term of nootropics (substances in general slang called smart-drugs) was first introduced in 1972 by C.E. Giurgeou, chief research worker in Belgian company, which introduced Piracetam (one of the most widely known substances) at the market. The main areas of use are expansion of studying process, improving storage of information, facilitation of information flow between both brain hemispheres and increasing of brain protection and nutrition. Smart drugs are supposed to work in one of two main ways: either by increasing blood flow to the brain, or boosting the levels of one or other of the neurotransmitters thought to play a part in learning and memory. We can in general divide smart drugs into two groups. Nootropics and Nutrientes. Nootropics are rather intended for immediate use, with rather short effect, while nutrients are of rather longer-time effect (speaking in weeks or months). Now some of the most widely known, used and free sold nootropics and nutrients. ...

Omega 3 fatty acids (and their role) in Nutrition Research Paper

Omega 3 fatty acids (and their role) in Nutrition - Research Paper Example These are termed essential fatty acids, because they are mandatory nutrients for health, but cannot be synthesized by the body. There is a general scientific consensus that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids should be greater than that of omega-6. The parent fatty acid of omega-3 fatty acids is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). ALA Â  is converted in the body to the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for further metabolism. (NIH, 2005). A study of the functions of omega-3 fatty acids, the dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, the adverse effects of fatty acid deficiency, and the role of these fatty acids in the prevention of disease, reveals that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids through food and nutritional supplements is of paramount importance to good health. Omega-3 fatty acids perform several important functions. EPA produces hormone-like agents called eicosanoids, which regulate physiological processes. EPA is concerned with cell division and growth, blood clotting, muscle activity, secretion of digestive juices and hormones, and the permeability and flexibility of the cell membranes. It also reduces inflammatory responses. DHA is an essential contributor to brain function and development. The brain synapses show a concentration of DHA, indicating that it plays a role in signal transmission in the nervous system. DHA also produces resolvins, which reduce inflammation in the brain. (NIH, 2005). In addition, DHA plays an important role in vision, regulating the development and function of the retina. Another function of omega-3 fatty acids is in the regulation of gene expression, particularly in the metabolism of fatty acids and inflammation. (Higdon, 2012). The richest food sources of ALA are flaxseed oil (I tablespoon = 7.3 g) and walnuts (1 ounce = 2.6 g). Other dietary sources are canola oil, soybean oil, mustard oil and tofu. However, as ALA has to be converted into EPA and DHA,

Instructional Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Instructional Strategies - Essay Example There are a variety of categories and disciplines we could address but here our main concentration is on the possible usefulness of the DIRECT INSTRUCTION (DI) method of teaching in today's classrooms. According to the Baltimore Curriculum Project fact sheet (1997), "DI is an embracing model in instructional strategies which is filled with carefully structured and edited lessons that are backed by texts and worksheets." In DI the educator works with a group of students who are performing at roughly the same level. Through exceedingly careful organization, direction and pacing a rapport is formed with the students that facilitates the creation of a healthy, interactive learning environment. This type of interaction is finely crafted to focus on the subject and the pace of the learning activities. The students in these activities respond to questions as both an individual and a group further ensuring that the method of instruction "leaves no individual unengaged" (Baltimore Curriculum Project, 1997). Direct instruction is primarily based on previous theories of instruction which strive to eliminate misinterpretation by the students of goals, necessary skills, and instructions. The theory of DI is purported to greatly accelerate and improve academic performance as well as specific learning when applied in the prescribed manner. Direct instruction has also shown promise in correcting certain affective behaviors that can lead to academic problems. The resulting DI theory emphasizes the use of a small group in which teachers and aides conduct face-to-face (or one-on-one) instruction. This allows educators to carefully articulated lessons so that specific cognitive skills are broken down into small units and/or action sequences. The research of Mr. Siegfried Engelmann and Dr. Wesley Becker is not only a focal point in DI discussions, it also prescribes the correct method for using DI. Their work provides educators with five areas by which all class activities can be organized: GOAL SETTING: Educators emphasize the importance of setting goals for school work. Students are required to write and explain their goals which will ead them to complete the task set before them. Educators and other students provide regular reassurance on the progress toward meeting these goals as well as hints for improvement. ASSIGNMENTS: Educators should endeavor to break the ultimate task into small, manageable parts. Students should be encouraged to further devise personally manageable parts that will lead to successful completion of the task. The true key here is to set a pace that is comfortable to the individual and the class as a whole while ensuring timely completion of the task. Such structuring should lead to a better understanding of the ultimate goal as well as provide more immediate success and feedback. EXPLANATION: The variation in explanation lies at the heart of what makes DI unique. Examples that relate more closely to real life and/or appeal to the students(s) make the subject clearer and personal. Students more readily engage in learning activities that they find personally linked. If an activity seems like fun or useful to the student, it is now personal and worth doing. OUTSOURCING: Frequently asking

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) Research Paper

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) - Research Paper Example Individual and commercial insurance is a good way to reduce the personal as well as commercial financial risks. I have selected the J. Paul Getty Museum as the visiting location. The location is situated in Los-Angeles. Los Angeles itself is blessed with beautiful landscapes and the building of the museum is made uniquely so that it would attract as many visitors as the museum can hold. On the other hand the entry to the museum is absolutely free, while visitors are charged $15 for the parking. However, after 5p.m the parking is free too. Museums are good places to find cultural, religious and ancient aspects of the location. Around 1.3 million people visit the museum each year (The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012). The most significant feature of the tourism business is the capability of the operators to deal with the risks and associated factors regarding the tourism business. It is equally viable for the operators to maintain a smooth, receptive and cost efficient insurance that will ensure to meet the legal necessities and requirements. Risk management ensures to make clear reduction in the unnecessary and unintentional events. However, it is important for the risk managers to develop such strategies to reduce the impacts of the unplanned events. The third important perspective of the risk management is to improve the capability to have full control on all the events and associated risks and maintain cost-efficient insurance within the business environment. Risk management strategies will ensure to enhance the recognition of the risks, analyze the risks and the make strategies to reduce the risk. It not only benefits the organization but also the individuals. On the other hand, the risk management techniques will help to face the accident and help us to be prepared for any accidents. The techniques will also reduce the severity and the after effects of the accidents. Financial damages are heavily influenced by the

Time and Life Essay Example for Free

Time and Life Essay According to a popular saying,schooldays are the happiest days of your life. Is there any truth in this? Answers to this question are bound to vary greatly from person to person. A person’s answer will depend on how happy the person’s schooldays actually were and on how happy the rest of his or her life has been since. To give a really true answer to this question you have to be fairly close to the end of your life. Hopefully,by this time you will have lived a long time. If this is the case,then you will have a long period of time to look back on. Will no other period of your life have made you happier than your schooldays? This seems rather unlikely. There are certain momentous times in a person’s life which are usually accompained by a great feeling of happiness,even of ecstasy. One of these is being in love. Another is a person’s wedding day. Yet another, and many parents would put this at the top of their happiness list, is the birth of a couple’s child. These are milestones in human life and they bring happinessto the majority of people who experience them. However, apart from these emotional milestones, there is a wide variation in what makes people happy. To a large extent what brings happiness to a person depends on what they are interested in. For example, athletes might well regard their period of supreme happiness as the time they won a major track or field event, especially an Olympic event. Footballers might regard the peak of their happiness as the time they played for a top-ranking team and scored a crucial goal in an important game. Ambitious businesspeople might be at the hightest point of their happiness when they bring off a particulary successful and shrewd business deal. If there are all these opportunities, and many more, for achieving happiness in life, how has the idea arise that schooldays are the happiest days of our life? It is at least partly because people’s memories, particularly older people’s memories, tend to be imperfect when they look back on the past. Not only that. Especially where childhood is concerned, older people tend to look back at past through rose-coloured spectacles. For example, they might remember the weather during the summer holidays as being much better than it is now. That has nothing whatsoever to do with modern climate change. It has to do with looking back on the past with affection and nostalagia-and a lack of realism. A few people’s schooldays might genuinely have been the happiest days of their lives. On the other hand, some people’s schooldays might have been an absolute nightmare with stern schoolteachers administering harsh punishments and fellow students teasing and bullying them, not to mention the often unbearable pressure of exams. For most people,neither of these extremes fits the bill. Their schooldays are the usual mixture of happiness and unhappiness,like the rest of their lives. Schooldays are not the happiest days of their lives.

Critical Thinking and Business Decisions Essay -- GCSE Business Market

Critical Thinking and Business Decisions Our basic concept of critical thinking is, at root, simple. We could define it as the art of taking charge of your own mind. Its value is also at root simple: "if we can take charge of our own minds, we can take charge of our lives; we can improve them, bringing them under our "self-command" and direction (McCall and Kaplan, 1990)." Of course, this requires that we learn self-discipline and the art of self-examination. This involves becoming interested in how our minds work, how we can monitor, fine tune, and modify their operations for the better. It involves getting into the habit of reflectively examining our impulsive and accustomed ways of thinking and acting in every dimension of our lives and business. Many various "Forms of Thinking" affect the way we rationalize problems and situations. We could approach a problem by utilizing the forms such as in "a logical, scientific, persuasive, or creative fashion (University of Phoenix, 2000)." The way we approach a problem or situation can be and is very important. In addition, all that we do, we do based on some motivations or reasons that are forces which influence our ways of thinking. However, we rarely examine our motivations to see if they make sense. We rarely scrutinize our reasons critically to see if they are rationally justified. "Some of the forces that influence are thinking can be gender, culture, ethnicity, religion, race, economic status, ethics, etc (University of Phoenix, 2000)." As consumers, for example, we sometimes buy things impulsively and uncritically, without stopping to determine whether we really need what we are inclined to buy, whether we can afford it, whether its good for our health, or whether the price is competitive. As parents, we often respond to our children impulsively and uncritically, without stopping to determine whether our actions are consistent with how we want to act as parents, whether we are contributing to their self-esteem, whether we are discouraging them from thinking, or from taking responsibility for their own behavior. The two examples above, illustrate how we could have used a "scientific form of thinking" to come to a conclusion but the "force", whatever it may have been, that influenced that way of thinking, was very strong. The same remains true in business as it pertains to our manageria... ...en seriously, it can transform every dimension of work life: how we formulate rules, how we relate to our employees, how we encourage them to relate to each other, how we cultivate their speaking and listening skills, as well as their decision making skills. Of course, we are likely to make "Critical Thinking" a basic value in work only insofar as we make it a basic value in our lives. "Therefore, to become adept at contemplating critical thinking, we must become committed to thinking critically and reflectively about our own lives and the lives of those around us (Shermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2000)." We must become active, daily, practitioners of critical thought. We must regularly model for our employees what it is to reflectively examine, critically assess, and effectively improve the way we live and think. References Morgan W. McCall Jr. and Robert E. Kaplan, (1990). "Whatever It Takes, Realities of Managerial Decision Making," (New Jersey: Prentice Hall) Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn. (2000). Organizational Behavior. 7th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. University of Phoenix, (2000). Critical Thinking: Strategies in Decision Making. (Module) MGT 350.

Aggression as a Negative

Aggression is viewed by many as a negative response in sport, but theories of why aggression occurs contradict each other. Evaluate critically theories of aggression that seek to explain why negative responses often occur in sporting situations Use practical examples for the theories you evaluate. Aggression is any behaviour outside the rules of the game that aims to harm an individual that is motivated to avoid such harm. Some skills appear aggressive for example, a slide tackle in football, however they are perfectly legal in the games rules so it is not seen as aggressive behaviour.Possible negative responses relating to aggression are caused by; actual/perceived unfairness, frustration at performance, displaced aggression from other sources, pressure to win, retaliation, copying others, nature of the game, reaction to a hostile crowd, being on the losing team and previous ill-feeling (derby game). There are 4 theories of aggression; Instinct Theory, Social Learning Theory, Frustr ation Aggression Hypothesis and Aggression Cue Hypothesis.Instinct Theory (Freud) suggests that behaviour is predictable, genetically inherited and it is the Trait view of behaviour. According to this theory, we can tell which players and when they will perform aggressive acts. This says that everyone has aggression within them, it is just a continual build-up of energy that needs to be released through catharsis, for example, small lashes out at an opposition to release pressure (Lorenz). However this theory completely disregards an environmental stimulus that we know exists.Social Learning Theory (Bandura) suggests that behaviour is learned from our environment, for example we observe behaviours through a role model, we perform the behaviour (copy) then this mode of behaviour becomes accepted through reinforcement. For example, young footballer copies Wayne Rooney and kicks out at an opposition player, then gets praise from team-mates, this behaviour is reinforced, then the young player will do it more to create this sort of response again.This theory does the opposite of Instinct Theory and accepts the environmental stimuli however disregards the genetic influence, that we also know exists. These next two are Interactionist Theories that aim to combine environmental and genetic influences. Frustration Aggression Hypothesis suggests that frustration occurs when our goal-directed behaviour is blocked, and there is more frustration if the behaviour is outcome orientated. This hypothesis suggests that environmental build ups create a biological reaction as a cathartic release, if this release fails then we become more aggressive.For example, Jordan Mutch of Cardiff blocked Wayne Rooney from getting past so Wayne Rooney (goal blocked), Wayne Rooney got frustrated, Kicked out at Mutch and received a yellow card as punishment, this cathartic release failed. Aggression Cue Hypothesis suggests that frustration is equal to arousal; it creates a readiness for aggressi on. This aggression will only occur upon environmental cue. For example in football, being on the receiving end of a bad tackle provides the environmental cue which will increase arousal. If there is the presence of aggression, chances of aggression are increased dramatically.